NEHEMIAH
Lesson 6, Chapter 4
CJB
Psalm 2:1 Why are the nations in an uproar, the peoples grumbling in vain?
2
The earth's kings are taking positions, leaders conspiring together, against ADONAI
and his anointed
3
They cry, "Let's break their fetters! Let's throw off their chains!"
4
He who sits in heaven laughs; Adonai looks at them in derision.
5
Then in his anger he rebukes them, terrifies them in his fury.
6
"I myself have installed my king on Tziyon, my holy mountain."
7
"I will proclaim the decree: ADONAI said to me, 'You are my son; today I became your
father.
8
Ask of me, and I will make the nations your inheritance; the whole wide world will be
your possession
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You will break them with an iron rod, shatter them like a clay pot.'
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Therefore, kings, be wise; be warned, you judges of the earth.
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Serve ADONAI with fear; rejoice, but with trembling.
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Kiss the son*, lest he be angry, and you perish along the way, when suddenly his
anger blazes. How blessed are all who take refuge in him.
Psalms 2 captures both the earthly political circumstances and the spiritual reality of the
situation that we are peering in upon as we read the history of Nehemiah and his determination
to rebuild the walls and the city of Jerusalem despite the outrage expressed by the enemies of
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the Jews. Since the end of Chapter 2 we have watched as local and regional political leaders,
gentiles of course, have steadily upped the ante of pressure and threats as they oppose the
mission that Nehemiah was sent to accomplish by King Artaxerxes; a mission that, behind the
scenes, was achieving God’s will. But why are these various potentates that surround Judah
and Jerusalem so against something as normal and typical and necessary as rebuilding the
once formidable defensive walls of Jerusalem? Almost every city of consequence throughout
the Middle East had defensive walls. In fact, in general, walls were requirement number 1 to
even be classified as a city.
The precise political reasons for their immovable stance against the Jews rebuilding Jerusalem
aren’t stated, but Nehemiah seemed to have understood the enemy’s mindset quite well,
which led him to say to Sanvalat, Toviyah and Geshem: “But you have no share, right, or
history to commemorate in Jerusalem”. In other words, those leaders assumed that they had
some kind of inherent right to lord over Jerusalem. By studying documents written from that
era, it is not hard to piece together the reality that the farther from the power center at
Shushan, the capital of the Persian Empire, that a province lay, the harder it was for the
Persian King to control it. And so it was easier for a local ruler to explore his ambitions of
expanding his power base and reach a bit beyond what the King of Persia had legally
authorized. Kings and governors hold those offices for a reason: they love the prestige and
they desire the power and control (and usually the more the better). So when they see an
opening to expand their rule to a nearby population center the temptation is often too much to
resist.
But this still doesn’t answer the question as to why they detested the Jews as a people. It’s
one thing to want to conquer a territory for the sake of wanting more power; it’s another to
harbor a deep-seated hatred for its indigenous population. And for this, there seems to be no
rational reason. When I read Nehemiah I feel as if I’m reading today’s Jerusalem Post
newspaper. I know that the Arab nations surrounding Israel can’t tolerate the thought of a tiny
Jewish nation existing in their midst; but why? What about the Jews is so distasteful? What are
the Jews doing to them? Do the Jews have designs on expanding their territory to absorb
Jordan, or Syria, or Lebanon? Or on lording over the region? Do they plan to convert Muslims
to Judaism? The answer to all of these questions is, so far as anyone knows, no. As it was with
Sanvalat, Toviyah and Geshem, so it is today with all the Arab speaking nations surrounding
Israel; the reasons for why they despise Israel and the Jewish people so violently escapes
defining. And Psalm 2, which I read to open and set the tone for today’s study, rather well
captures the sense of a mysterious hatred towards God’s Kingdom land and people since time
immemorial by asking the simple rhetorical question: “Why are the nations (meaning gentile
nations) in an uproar, the peoples grumbling in vain?” And the true reason is that they are
Satan’s proxies fighting against the God of Israel, and therefore against His people and His
plan of redemption, even if they don’t consciously realize it.
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As we ended chapter 3 last week, Nehemiah had organized teams of Jews to work together on
well defined sections of the wall that each team had chosen to take the responsibility to
restore. Smaller families adopted small wall sections to rebuild; larger families, numerous
members of nearby towns, even professional trade guilds chose larger sections to reconstruct.
The reconstruction was progressing rapidly to the point that it caught the attention and drew
the ire of Sanvalat, Toviyah and Geshem; they became furious and probably not just a little
embarrassed. These Jews they thought so little of were moving in lightening fashion to
accomplish what seemed impossible. Thus the 3 gentile rulers increased their campaign of
ridicule and veiled threats, trying to derail what to them was an oncoming train. However
despite their interference, the wall sections were soon joined together so that there were no
longer gaps in the protection, and this happened because (as says the final words to end
chapter 3), “the people worked with a will”.
Let’s read Chapter 4 together.
READ NEHEMIAH CHAPTER 4 all
The opening statement of verse 1 sets the context for this chapter. As I mentioned earlier, the
local and regional governors were intensely unhappy that the Jews were merrily humming
along, showing an amazing degree of solidarity, energy and skill, and completing the
reconstruction of the walls of Jerusalem at an astounding pace. Why so angry? No reason is
given other than the rebuilding by the Jews was against their collective wills. But this time there
is a 4
th
gentile leader added to the group of upset gentile rulers. We don’t get a name, only
that he governed the Ashdodim; that is, the people of the province of Ashdod. Yes, this is
generally the same Ashdod that exists today as part of Israel, in which Seed of Abraham
Ministries owns and operates a teaching center where the Bible is taught to the Jewish people
in Hebrew.
Ashdod was the newer name for what had been at one time a region called Philistia.
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Apparently this change of names occurred because the king of Ashdod, one of the 5 Philistine
city states, had become the most dominant of the 5. So the Ashdodim were still the
Philistines, just by a different name. So now we have 4 outraged rulers who intend to do
something about these Jews having the nerve to rebuild their own city, in their own province,
without the approval or assistance of their neighbors. This passage truly feels like back to the
future. Let’s identify each of the 4, and the modern names for these same places and people.
Sanvalat occupied what today the world calls the West Bank; or what is more correctly called
Samaria. Today the West Bank Palestinians led by the terrorist Fatah regime occupies this
region.
Next is Toviyah of the Ammonites. Today Ammon is the Kingdom of Jordan on the east bank
of the Jordan River, ruled by King Abdullah.
The next group mentioned is the Arabs, and their leader is Geshem. The Arabs occupied an
area that stretched from what today is called the Negev to the Arabian Peninsula. Today Israel
occupies the Negev, but the Arab Saud family owns and controls the region that we know
better as Saudi Arabia.
After that is the unnamed ruler of Ashdod, the one time region of Philistia. Today Ashdod is a
Jewish port city, but the remainder of former Philistine territory is contained in the infamous
Gaza Strip. The Gaza people are another and separate faction of so-called Palestinians who
are ruled by the terrorist group Hamas.
So here in Nehemiah we see that Judah was completely surrounded by enemies. Sanvalat
ruled Samaria to the north. Toviyah ruled (or perhaps represented) Amon to the east. Geshem
ruled Arabia to the south, and the unnamed Philistine ruler ruled Ashdod to the west. And now
in the 21
st
century A.D., Israel is surrounded by the West Bank Palestinians to the north,
Jordan to the east, Saudi Arabia (and Egypt) to the south, and Gaza to the west. Amazing.
Where else on this planet has so little changed over the last 2500 years? So, if we want to
better understand what comes next in chapter 4 (pressure, fear, and intimidation of
Nehemiah’s Jews), it is easier to identify with since we can see on TV everyday the identical
situation that faces modern Israel. And what was Judah’s and now Israel’s response to their
unfriendly neighbors who constantly harassed, attacked, and threatened them? They built a
defensive wall. And what was their neighbors’ reaction to the wall? The same today as what
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we read here in Nehemiah: indignation, anger, and homicidal threats from the enemies. And
exactly what danger or risk does a defensive wall pose to a neighboring people or nation?
None. It just makes the hostile intent of those neighbors upon Israel far more difficult to bring
about. And that is why the 4 rulers in Nehemiah’s day were so angry, and it is why Israel’s
enemies today are angry at Israel’s successful construction of a perimeter wall of protection.
And, in verse 2, not surprisingly the gang of 4 decided that they would attack Jews in
Jerusalem in retribution, with the goal of disrupting the wall building. Scholars regularly debate
whether the planned attack was a bluff or fully intended; I don’t know and it really doesn’t
matter because the result was the same. My opinion is that they probably intended to commit
terrorist-like acts and continue day and night pressure to foment trouble, but not to wage an all
out battle using soldiers because in the end these 4 rulers were part of the Persian Empire and
King Artaxerxes was their sovereign, just as he was Nehemiah’s sovereign. But King
Artaxerxes had given Nehemiah his personal blessing and help to rebuild Jerusalem, and so
it’s hard to imagine that these 4 enemies would completely disregard the King’s orders and
commit to war. On the other hand, it is certainly possible that since the entire point of rebuilding
Jerusalem (from the King’s perspective) was to provide a military fort for a substantial Persian
presence to control the southern part of the Persian Empire (something these 4 rulers
obviously did not want), that the Persian King at this stage may not have been able to do much
about these gentile rulers thwarting his plan. And there is one other factor at play; when this
same king, Artaxerxes, many years earlier had sent Ezra to re-establish the Law of Moses
among the Jewish people of Judah, Ezra also started to rebuild the city of Jerusalem. The local
gentile rulers complained to Artaxerxes and he indeed ordered Ezra to halt the work.
Ezra 4:21-23 CJB
21
"So now, order that these men stop work and that this city not be rebuilt until I order
it.

22
Take care not to neglect your duty; otherwise the harm may increase, to the damage
of the king."

23
When the text of King Artach'shashta's letter was read before Rechum, Shimshai the
secretary and their colleagues, they hurried to Yerushalayim to the Judeans and
stopped their work by force of arms.
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So perhaps the gang of 4 hoped that if enough trouble broke out, and enough innocent blood
was shed and the whole region was in danger of destabilization, then Artaxerxes would have
second thoughts about it, stop the wall construction and order his cupbearer to return home.
What was Nehemiah’s response to this new challenge? He led the Jews in prayer; and then
he acted! He no doubt didn’t know for certain (anymore than we do) whether this threat was
only bluster or a real attack was coming. So as the only prudent course, he set watchmen on
the walls to keep alert. This was Nehemiah’s typical way of approaching every challenge;
approaching God in prayer followed by decisive action. But next we read that the people of
Judah were also beginning to lose their zeal for the project. The constant intimidation, the
difficult working conditions, the men having to leave their home towns and be away from their
families and away from their farming activities in order to build the wall, and the daunting and
physically exhausting task they were facing even if they had had no opposition, was finally
taking its toll. So much so that a pessimistic jingle popped up among the workers and began to
circulate that said: “The strength of the people who carry loads away is starting to fail, and
there is so much rubble that we can’t build the wall”. Just as an aside, this verse structure is
called the qinah, or lament, and it has a uniquely identifiable rhythm in Hebrew that vanishes
once it is translated into other languages such as English. That many gentile Bible scholars
don’t seem to know this has led to all sorts of interesting translations of this passage that miss
the point entirely. And the point is that the Jewish people were discouraged even before the
threat of attacks became elevated. So what we have here is a quickly deteriorating situation
accompanied by discontent; the experienced leader Nehemiah knows he has to nip this in the
bud or the project is doomed to fail just as all other earlier attempts had failed. In fact, in verse
6 we learn that Judeans that lived nearby (no doubt family of the workers), came to Jerusalem
in a steady stream pleading with their loved ones to return home. And this had everything to do
with the rising tensions; the fear of not knowing what these 4 gentile rulers might do, plus as
we’ll examine shortly, the very real prospect of running out of food from the fields, vineyards
and orchards because they couldn’t be properly tended.
Verse 7 is problematic because as it is transmitted to us from the most ancient Hebrew
Scripture we have, it is not intelligible. There are obvious copyist errors. So about the best we
can do is to speculate based on the context that surrounds the verse. But the gist of it is that
this is part of the response of Nehemiah to the danger of attack as well as the discouragement
of the Jewish people. So in a kind of kill-two-birds-with-one-stone maneuver, he stationed his
men at strategically important locations around the wall perimeter as a precaution. It is nearly
impossible to know what strategic purpose it served to place people at the lowest points of the
wall, when it is always the high ground that is most advantageous in battle. So we kind of need
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to move on and understand that regardless of the details the goal was to make a show of force
by gathering the people together as a battle unit.
In ancient times, even during the era of the Kings, while there were indeed fulltime professional
soldiers and officers that formed a standing army, it was usually comparatively modest in size.
And this is because when larger forces were needed the civilian males of the community or
kingdom formed a reserve militia. Then the professional soldiers would be used mainly to train,
organize, and lead the militia. This is essentially what we see happening here in Nehemiah.
We know that Nehemiah came to Jerusalem with a military escort so probably they were
tasked to stay with Nehemiah as his personal body guard. The result of this move by
Nehemiah is that the people of Judah, when gathered together, gained courage as happens
when we are with others of like mind and purpose. And when the enemy saw the preparations
for battle (which Nehemiah intended for them to see), they quickly understood that they would
not easily take Jerusalem or succeed in a surprise attack.
This, along with other actions of Nehemiah, provides marvelously good and practical
instruction for modern day Believers, too many of us having fallen into a passive pattern of
earnestly praying but then standing aside when the enemy (fleshly or spiritual) attacks,
assuming its up to God to take care of business. Paul taught us how to prepare and cautioned
against fear and passivity using familiar military war metaphors to get his point across. Not
much point to prepare if one is going to leave it to the other guy to deal with the enemy.
Ephesians 6:10-18 CJB
10
Finally, grow powerful in union with the Lord, in union with his mighty strength!

11
Use all the armor and weaponry that God provides, so that you will be able to stand
against the deceptive tactics of the Adversary.

12
For we are not struggling against human beings, but against the rulers, authorities
and cosmic powers governing this darkness, against the spiritual forces of evil in the
heavenly realm.
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13
So take up every piece of war equipment God provides; so that when the evil day
comes, you will be able to resist; and when the battle is won, you will still be standing.

14
Therefore, stand! Have the belt of truth buckled around your waist, put on
righteousness for a breastplate,

15
and wear on your feet the readiness that comes from the Good News of shalom.

16
Always carry the shield of trust, with which you will be able to extinguish all the
flaming arrows of the Evil One.

17
And take the helmet of deliverance; along with the sword given by the Spirit, that is,
the Word of God;

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as you pray at all times, with all kinds of prayers and requests, in the Spirit, vigilantly
and persistently, for all God's people.
Look at verse 14. The purpose of preparing for battle in union with the Lord is, as Paul says in
verse 14, to run away from the fight as fast as we can, right? Is that what he says? Or does
Paul say to quit and let someone else fight for you? Or to sit and watch? No; Paul says all this
preparation is so that we STAND! Folks, our walk with God is not necessarily a peaceful
saunter in the Garden of Eden. If we want to be more participant than spectator, then we will
face risk, danger, and getting dirty and bruised. Prayer is so very important and indispensible.
But prayer is only part of the preparation for battle; only when we are directly fighting spirits is
the prayer itself also the battle plan. At all other times, when we are facing human enemies
who are being led by evil spiritual forces, we must stand and do battle.
Might Paul have taken his cue from Nehemiah? I think so.
Nehemiah, the great leader that he is, after gathering his people and putting them in battle
order, addresses them. He encourages them by using the most powerful motivation known to
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humans: fighting for those dearest to you. The time for prayer and contemplation has come
and gone; now its time for the rubber to hit the road. Don’t be afraid he tells them, rather it is
Yehoveh who is to be feared, not the enemy. Fight to protect your children, your wives, your
fellow brethren, and your homes.
So, records Nehemiah in verse 9, when the 4 rulers heard and saw that the Jews were
prepared to do battle this frustrated their plans; they figured they had a cakewalk ahead of
them. But just as prayer was but preparation so was the organizing of the men and their show
of force but preparation. Each and every day from here forward they would have to be alert,
watchful, and ready to fight at a moment’s notice. We are given some detail about just how the
defensive precautions were organized. It was that half of “my men” would work on the wall
and the other half would patrol fully armed. The reference to “my men” (ne’aray in Hebrew)
isn’t referring to the Jewish workers in general, but rather to a specific group (probably those
soldiers who had escorted Nehemiah from Shushan to Jerusalem). Note how they had spears,
bows, and armor, all things that to be effective the men had to be thoroughly trained in and
practiced at. And while these were rather standard light infantry weapons for that time, armor
was expensive and not used by the militia. Also note how the leaders, referring to the military
officers, stood to the rear and back from the work the laborers were doing. Their job was to
control the forces, constantly assess the situation, and be ready to deploy their men and the
militia for battle if necessary.
But the workers on the wall were not exempt from being part of the battle. They had to carry
swords on their thighs as they carried loads of rubble away, and lifted huge stones into place.
A plan was devised so that a man with a shofar was always next to Nehemiah. Thus if the city
was attacked, Nehemiah would order the shofar player to sound the alarm and call everyone to
the place where it was blown. After all, people were spread out all along thousands of feet of
walls, each group restoring their section, and attack could come anywhere along the wall.
But Nehemiah took another rather extreme precaution; he had the entire workforce sleep in
Jerusalem. This move accomplished a number of objectives both practical and strategic. It
protected the workers from harm; eating and staying together as a group promotes
camaraderie; it allowed the largest possible force to be ready to repel any attack; it allowed for
shifts of watchmen to operate 24 hours a day; it saved time so that folks didn’t travel back and
forth between Jerusalem and their nearby villages; and people being people, it didn’t allow
some to drift away when the going got the toughest. In fact, at least a major portion of the
people never took off their outer garments to sleep at night; they slept completely clothed so
that they could spring into action at a moments notice.
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Let’s pause and reflect for a moment because there is an important underlying principle that
we would do well to think upon deeply. All this points towards something that goes back to our
first two study lessons on the Book of Nehemiah: this man was a well trained leader who was
raised up for “just such a time as this” and he answered God’s call. He understood basic
military tactics, he knew how to plan and organize, and he was a natural leader who acted with
authority and confidence. His position as part of the King’s royal court at the power center of
Persia had made him wise in the ways of politics and he understood the minds and ambitions
of rulers and potentates and how to deal with them; sometimes diplomatically, and at other
times with brute force of arms. And as an obedient worshipper and follower of the God of Israel
he led in a Godly way, caring for the well being of his people, as a shepherd, above himself.
He was trained in the Torah by Ezra, so he knew and followed God’s Laws and
commandments. He respected all humanity, but he also put his own people, the Jews, above
the other nations and knew that they were a specially chosen and separated people of God.
This knowledge was a rarity for his time as the true religion of the Bible had given way to early
Judaism and its mix of Biblical law with manmade religious traditions that better
accommodated the evolving political correctness and desires of the people. Nehemiah was
intelligent, full of self control, dynamic, fearless in the face of the enemy, and an obedient and
humble servant to the Lord. For me, this is the model that a believing leader in the Kingdom of
God ought to emulate. And such leadership is vitally needed in the 21
st
century when
Christianity and the Jewish people are under attack (within and without) not seen since
perhaps the days of Nero. Such leadership, especially in the Church, is at the moment in short
supply, and the people are asleep. But even good leaders can do nothing if the people are too
fearful or indifferent to arm themselves and fight. We must rid ourselves of our passivity, fear,
and willful ignorance of God’s Word and instead acknowledge that while we are so greatly
privileged to live in a time that the Prophets of old would have given anything to experience, a
great responsibility goes with it. And that responsibility is to stand up and be counted, to
comfort and defend God’s chosen people Israel, to get our hands dirty to do God’s work on
this earth, and to reform that which has gone terribly astray among God’s people; that is,
within Christianity and Judaism (no matter how unpopular that might be). Look around you; I
mean that literally. I ask you to fight the good fight for the sake of those around you; fight for
the spiritual and physical lives of your spouses, your children, your homes and your nation and
your Believing community. It is under attack. If you won’t stand after being alerted, who will?
Let us agree to be as Nehemiah and the restorers of Jerusalem, and like the coming
Tribulation Saints of the End of Days who put aside self interest to go against the Anti-Christ
when the last remaining Believers alive finally understand that we have always been in a battle
to the death since the day God separated Abraham and his future descendants from all others
on this planet. It’s only that most of our brethren and our leadership has decided to sit it out
and hope for the best.
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If you can hear this message then the Lord is calling you…..He is calling us…..as the days of
history countdown to a close; He is calling us to be builders AND warriors. Will you answer the
call?
Next week, chapter 5.
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